Notes on Editorial Changes/AI overview
FEDERALIST 1-14 Unity of the States Is Essential
1 A Question for the Ages
2 The Need for Government and a Single Union
3 A Federal Government Will Provide Greater Safety, Less War, and More Peace
4 A Unified Federal Government Will Give Fewer Causes for War
5 A Divided America Would Be Prone to Foreign Influence and Strife
6 The Causes of Human Hostility Are Innumerable
7 The Causes of War
8 War Between the States Will Lead to Devastation
9 Union Is a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
10 Governments Are Formed to Protect Property Rights; a Republic Is Far Superior to a Democracy
11 A Unified Country Is the Wisest Choice for Protecting Our Trade from Foreign Interference
12 The Union Will Increase Commerce and Therefore Taxes
13 Our National Economy Will Prosper with Union
14 The Geographical Size of the United States Is No Detriment to Union
FEDERALIST 15-22: Insufficiency of the Articles of Confederation
15 Our Former Government Was Fatally Flawed
16 Anarchy Results When Federal Systems Lack Power Over Subordinate Individuals
17 Applying Federal Law to Individual State Citizens Will Not Result in an Unlimited Federal Government
18 Two Confederacies from Greece Offer Valuable Lessons to the United States
19 Examination of the German, Polish and Swiss Confederacies
20 The Confederacy of the United Netherlands
21 Summary of the Defects of the Articles of Confederation
22 The Need for a Power to Regulate Commerce, a National Court of Last Resort, and the Consent of a Majority of the People
FEDERALIST 23–29: Federal Military Powers and the Militia
23 The Necessity of an Energetic Federal Government to Preserve the United States
24 The Objections to a Standing Army Are Illusory
25 The Utility of a Federal Standing Army
26 The Constitution’s Biennial Review of Standing Armies Is Salutary
27 A Properly Administered Federal Government Will Not Require Force to Execute Its Laws
28 A Federal Standing Army Can Quell Insurrections
29 Congress Must Fund and the President Must Control State Militias
FEDERALIST 30–36: Federal Taxation
30 The Federal Government Must Be Well-Funded
31 A General Federal Power of Taxation Is Required
32 With the Sole Exception of Duties on Foreign Imports and Exports, States Retain Full Taxing Authority
33 The Plain Meanings of the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause
34 Concurrent Federal and State Power to Tax
35 Import and Manufacturing Taxes; the Likely and Proper Composition of the House of Representatives
36 The Power of Taxing within States Is One of the Most Important Powers of the Federal Government
FEDERALIST 37–40: The Constitutional Convention and the Republican Form of Government
37 The Considerations Moving the Constitutional Convention
38 The States Deputized Their Wisest Citizens to Form the Constitution
39 The Government of the United States Has Both Federal and National Characteristics, and Is Republican
40 The Convention Was Authorized to Propose a New Constitution
FEDERALIST 41–46: Scope of Federal Powers and Federal–State Relations
41 Constitutional Powers Provide Security against Foreign Danger
42 Exclusive Federal Powers Regulating Relations with Foreign Powers and Among States Foster Harmony
43 Miscellaneous Powers Examined
44 Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States; the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause Explained
45 The Federal Government Will Be Less Dangerous to State Governments than Vice-Versa
46 The Ultimate Authority Rests with the People, Not Federal or State Governments
FEDERALIST 47–51: Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, and Constitutional Amendments
47 “Separation of Powers” Defined and Examined
48 In a Republic, the Legislative Branch Is the Most Likely to Usurp Power
49 A Convention of States Is Far More Likely to Exacerbate Constitutional Errors than Correct Them
50 Periodical Constitutional Conventions Will Prove as Ineffectual as Occasional Ones
51 The Structure of the Federal Government Will Furnish Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
FEDERALIST 52–61: The House of Representatives
52 Qualifications of the Electors and Elected of the House of Representatives
53 Biennial House Elections Are Optimum, and Will Reduce Fraud
54 Apportionment of Representatives and Taxes Will Be Determined by a Uniform Federal Standard Encompassing Both Persons and Property
55 Total Membership of the House of Representatives
56 Representatives Will Be Satisfactorily Apprised of Local and National Conditions
57 The House of Representatives Will Not Be an Oligarchy, since the Voters are the Greatest Defense to It
58 The Number Representatives Will Increase as the Growth of Population Demands; and the House Power over the Purse Examined
59 Congress Must Have the Power to Regulate the Election of its Members
60 The Composition of Congress Will Likely Reflect the Composition of State Legislatures
61 The Federal Power over Voting Locations and Time Compared to the Same Power in New York
FEDERALIST 62–66: The Senate
62 Overview of the Senate
63 The Necessity of a Senate
64 Why Approval of Treaties Is Delegated to the Senate
65 The Power to Judge Articles of Impeachment Is Properly Vested in the Senate
66 Refutation of Remaining Objections to the Senate as a Court of Impeachments
FEDERALIST 67–77: The Executive Branch
67 Opponents of the Constitution Will Always Denigrate the Office of President
68 The Constitution’s Mode of Selecting a President Is Almost Perfect
69 Presidential Powers Are Far Less than Those of the British Monarch
70 An Energetic Executive Is Essential to the Success of Any Government
71 A Four-Year Presidential Term Is Long Enough for Action But Too Short for Complete Tyranny
72 Presidential Term Limits Were Rejected As Unduly Restrictive
73 The President Must Have Adequate Financial Support and Means for Self-Defense
74 A President May Pardon All Except Those Who Are Impeached
75 The Power to Make Treaties Rests with the President and Senate in a Distinct Federal Department
76 The Power to Appoint U.S. Officers Is Best Posited in a Single Individual – the President – with the Concurrence of a Select Legislative Body – the Senate
77 Senate Concurrence in the Appointment of Officers Far Surpasses the Alternatives
FEDERALIST 78–83: The Judiciary
78 Overview of the Judiciary
79 The Salaries of Judges Cannot Be Diminished
80 Legal Disputes Subject to Federal Jurisdiction
81 The Structure of the Federal Court System
82 Concurrent Federal and State Court Jurisdiction
83 Trial by Jury in Federal Courts
FEDERALIST 84-85: Bill of Rights Concerns and Concluding Remarks
84 Why the Constitution Is Itself a Bill of Rights
85 Concluding Remarks